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<title>Taihō Code</title>

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<p>The <b>Taihō Code</b> or <b>Code of Taihō</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大宝律令</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Taihō-ritsuryō</i></i></span>)</span> was an administrative reorganisation enacted in 703 in <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, at the end of the <a href="Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was historically one of the <a href="Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">Ritsuryō</a>-sei<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">律令制</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>ritsuryō-sei</i></i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>. It was compiled at the direction of <a href="Prince_Osakabe" title="Prince Osakabe">Prince Osakabe</a>, <a href="Fujiwara_no_Fuhito" title="Fujiwara no Fuhito">Fujiwara no Fuhito</a> and <a href="Awata_no_Mahito" title="Awata no Mahito">Awata no Mahito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum924_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum924-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was begun at the request of <a href="Emperor_Monmu" title="Emperor Monmu">Emperor Monmu</a> and, like many other developments in the country at the time, it was largely an adaptation of the governmental system of <a href="China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum924_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum924-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The establishment of the Taihō Code was one of the first events to include <a href="Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> as a significant element in the Japanese code of ethics and government. The Code was revised during the <a href="Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> to accommodate certain Japanese traditions and practical necessities of administration. The revised edition was named the <a href="Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D_Code" title="Yōrō Code">Yōrō Code</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">養老律令</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Yōrō-ritsuryō</i></i></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major work on the Yōrō Code was completed in 718.<sup id="cite_ref-nussbaum924_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nussbaum924-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Taihō Code contained only two major departures from the Tang model. First, government positions and class status were based on birth, as had always been the Japanese tradition, not <a href="Meritocracy#Ancient_times:_Origin_in_China" title="Meritocracy">merit</a>, as was the Chinese way. Second, the Japanese rejected the Chinese concept of the "<a href="Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a>," asserting that the <a href="Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor's</a> power comes from his imperial descent, not from his righteousness or fairness as a ruler.

</p><p>This code is said to be based on the Code of Yonghui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">永徽律令</span></span>) implemented in China in 651 by the <a href="Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong of Tang</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governmental_organization">Governmental organization</h2></div>

<p>The Taihō Code established two branches of government: the Department of Worship<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神祇官</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i><a href="Jingi-kan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingi-kan">Jingi-kan</a></i></i></span>)</span> and the Department of State<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">太政官</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i><a href="Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></i></i></span>)</span>. The <i>Jingi-kan</i> was the higher branch, taking precedence over the <i>Daijō-kan</i> and handled all spiritual, religious, or ritualistic matters. The <i>Daijō-kan</i> handled all secular and administrative matters.

</p><p>The <i>Jingi-kan</i>, or Department of Worship, was responsible for annual festivals and official court ceremonies such as <a href="Coronations" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronations">coronations</a>, as well as the upkeep of <a href="Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">shrines</a>, the discipline of shrine wardens, and the recording and observation of oracles and divinations. It is important to note that the department, though it governed all the <a href="Shinto" title="Shinto">Shintō</a> shrines in the country, had no connection with <a href="Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.

</p><p>The <i>Daijō-kan</i>, or Department of State, handled all secular matters and was headed by the Great Council of State, which was presided over by the <i><a href="Daij%C5%8D-daijin" title="Daijō-daijin">Daijō-daijin</a></i> (太政大臣, Chancellor). The Ministers of the Left and Right (<i><a href="Sadaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaijin">Sadaijin</a></i> 左大臣 and <i><a href="Udaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaijin">Udaijin</a></i> 右大臣 respectively), Controllers of the Left and Right (<i>Sadaiben</i> 左大弁 and <i>Udaiben</i> 右大弁), four Great Councillors (<i>Dainagon</i> 大納言) and three Minor Councillors (<i>Shōnagon</i> 少納言) made up the Council, and were responsible to the <i>Daijō-daijin</i>. The eight government Ministries were, in turn, responsible to the Controllers and Ministers of the Left and Right.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provincial_organization_and_administration">Provincial organization and administration</h2></div>

<p>The country was divided into <a href="Old_provinces_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Old provinces of Japan">provinces</a> called <i>kuni</i> (国), and the central government appointed administrative governors, <a href="Kokushi_(official)" title="Kokushi (official)">kokushi</a> (国司), divided into four levels (the Shitōkan), <i>kami</i>, <i>suke</i>, <i>jo</i> and <i>sakan</i> to each province. The provinces were further divided into <a href="Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">districts</a> called <i>gun</i> (郡) or <i>kōri</i>, which were administered by locally appointed officials called <i>gunji</i> (郡司). These local officials were primarily responsible for keeping the peace, collecting taxes, recruiting labor for the <a href="Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a>, and for keeping registers of population and land allotment. Within the districts' further subdivisions, local organization varied greatly, but often resembled the arrangement of a township of fifty or so homes led by a headman.

</p><p>The number of provinces was not fixed, however. As new land was developed, new provinces came into being. At the time of the Code's enactment, there were sixty-six provinces comprising 592 districts.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_influence">Chinese influence</h2></div>

<p>The Chinese system known as <i><a href="Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">ritsuryō</a></i> in Japan was adopted by both the kingdoms of the Korean peninsula and Japan at the same time.

</p><p>According to <a href="Shoku_Nihongi" title="Shoku Nihongi">Shoku Nihongi</a>, the participation member of Taihō Code was the 18 Japanese aristocrats and one <a href="China" title="China">Chinese</a> scholar (薩弘恪 Satsu Koukaku)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese scholar Satsu played an important role. He participated in the edit of <a href="Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a>, and often received the reward from the <a href="Japanese_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese emperor">Japanese emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2></div>

<p>Current understanding of the conditions which preceded the Taihō reforms remains replete with unanswerable questions, but there is much which can be inferred—for example:

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>"<a href="Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">The Reform of 645</a> was much more abrupt and radical than the similar change of 1868. In the former, the nation at large was morely [sic] passive, for a few statesmen accomplished the sweeping transformation. In 1868, although the Imperial throne was the inspiration of the movement, the actual work was participated [sic] by a considerable section of the nation. Moreover, the Japanese of the nineteenth century were more prepared, politically, socially, and intellectually, for their new life, than were those of the seventh for theirs. To say nothing of the training of the feudal regime which the former had received, they had been incomparably better trained mentally than their forefathers of 645, for there had been among them an intellectual revival, and some of them had sharpened their appetite for knowledge by studying Dutch books".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Any examinations of the earliest known texts become exercises in <a href="Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>—for example:

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>"Something must be said respecting the form in which the [Taihō] Code has come down to us. It exists only in the edition of 833, which contains, besides the text of 701, the official commentaries compiled in 718 and 833. The dates are not noted, and hence it will be an important question how much was the original law of 701. The work is written in three different types which interlace one another in each article, the first being the largest, the second smaller, and the third in the form of double-lined gloss. Of these, the first forms the main text, while the other two are comments on it. Of the latter, again, the second type occupies a far smaller portion of the commentary than the third. We establish that the third type was written after and the other two before 809, for an edict of that year cites passages from the latter two, but does not refer to the corresponding portion of the former which, if it had then existed, could not from its nature have escaped reference. This evidence would seem tantamount to saying that the third type represents the commentary of 833, for no other comment was made between 809 and 833 which has been accepted in the work of the latter year."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl>

<p>Although essential as a starting point, any list of serial events will reveal only part of the unfolding story - for example:

</p>

<ul><li>645, 6th month: <a href="Emperor_K%C5%8Dtoku" title="Emperor Kōtoku">Emperor Kōtoku</a> enthroned.

<ul><li>The three ministers appointed.</li>

<li>The naming of the first year-period, <i><a href="Taika_(era)" title="Taika (era)">Taika</a></i>.</li></ul></li>

<li>645, 8th month:

<ul><li>The eastern governors are appointed and instructions given to them.</li>

<li>Appeals of the people from their group-heads to the government and Emperor granted.</li>

<li>Status of the free and the unfree defined.</li>

<li>The Buddhist church organized, protected and controlled.</li></ul></li>

<li>645, 9th month:

<ul><li>The revolt and fall of Prince Furubito; an opposition party eliminated.</li>

<li>Arms of the country collected.</li>

<li>The powerful men forbidden to engross land.</li></ul></li>

<li>646, 1st month:

<ul><li>The Decree of the Reform, abolishing <i>miyake</i>, <i>tomo</i> and the private estates, establishing salaries for the officers, defining the central region and the smaller administrative units, and regulating land-allotment and taxation.</li>

<li>Armories ordered to be built in the <i>kuni</i> and <i>kiri</i>.</li></ul></li>

<li>646, 3rd month:

<ul><li>The <i>mita</i> and <i>miyake</i> confiscated.</li>

<li>Abuses of burial and marriage and some popular evil customs corrected.</li></ul></li>

<li>646, 8th month: Intention of establishing a new order of rank and office announced.</li>

<li>647, 1st month: Intention of establishing a new order of rank and office announced.</li>

<li>647, 10th month: Thirteen cap-ranks established.</li>

<li>649, 2nd month: Nineteen cap-ranks established.

<ul><li>Eight departments and numerous offices established.</li></ul></li>

<li>652, 4th month: The allotment of land completed, and the census made. Villages organized in units of five houses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Ritsury%C5%8D" title="Ritsuryō">Ritsuryō</a></li>

<li><a href="Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Historiographical_Institute_of_the_University_of_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo">Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo</a></li>

<li><a href="K%C5%8Dky%C5%AB" title="Kōkyū">Kōkyū</a></li>

<li><a href="Protected_appointments_system_for_hereditary_privileges_in_asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected appointments system for hereditary privileges in asia">Protected appointments system for hereditary privileges in asia</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the name "<i>Taihō</i> Code," the noun "<i><a href="Taih%C5%8D_(era)" title="Taihō (era)">Taihō</a></i>" refers to the <i><a href="Neng%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Nengō">nengō</a></i> (<a href="Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese era name</a>) after "<i><a href="Shuch%C5%8D" title="Shuchō">Shuchō</a></i>" and before "<i><a href="Keiun" title="Keiun">Keiun</a></i>." In other words, the <i>Taihō</i> Code was promulgated during <i>Taihō</i>, which was a time period spanning the years from 701 through 704.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nussbaum924-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum924_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum924_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nussbaum924_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Louis_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" title="Louis Frédéric">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric</a>. (2005). "Taihō Code" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA924"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA924">Japan Encyclopedia<i>, p. 924</i></a>, p. 924, at <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the name "<i>Yōrō</i> Code," the noun "<i><a href="Y%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" title="Yōrō">Yōrō</a></i>" refers to the <i><a href="Neng%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Nengō">nengō</a></i> (<a href="Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese era name</a>) after "<i><a href="Reiki_(era)" title="Reiki (era)">Reiki</a></i>" and before "<i><a href="Jinki_(era)" title="Jinki (era)">Jinki</a></i>." In other words, the <i>Yōrō</i> Code was promulgated during <i>Yōrō</i>, which was a time period spanning the years from 717 through 724.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">続日本紀巻第一文武天皇四年 "甲午。勅淨大參刑部親王。直廣壹藤原朝臣不比等。直大貳粟田朝臣眞人。直廣參下毛野朝臣古麻呂。直廣肆伊岐連博得。直廣肆伊余部連馬養。勤大壹薩弘恪。勤廣參土部宿祢甥。勤大肆坂合部宿祢唐。務大壹白猪史骨。追大壹黄文連備。田邊史百枝。道君首名。狹井宿祢尺麻呂。追大壹鍜造大角。進大壹額田部連林。進大貳田邊史首名。山口伊美伎大麻呂。直廣肆調伊美伎老人等。撰定律令。賜祿各有差。"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">続日本紀持統六年 "十二月辛酉朔甲戌。賜音博士續守言。薩弘恪水田人四町"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Kan'ichi_Asakawa" title="Kan'ichi Asakawa">Asakawa, Kan'ichi</a>. (1903). <i>The Early Institutional Life of Japan: A Study in the Reform of 645,</i> p. 324 n.3.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asakawa, p. 13.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asakawa, pp. 267–268.</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<p><br>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Kan'ichi_Asakawa" title="Kan'ichi Asakawa">Asakawa, Kan'ichi</a>. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1MuAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Early+Institutional+Life+of+Japan."><i>The Early Institutional Life of Japan.</i></a> Tokyo: <a href="Shueisha" title="Shueisha">Shueisha</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4427686">OCLC 4427686</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6961540M/early_institutional_life_of_Japan"><i>see</i> online, multi-formatted, full-text book at openlibrary.org</a></li>

<li>Ferris, William Wayne. (1998). <i>Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan.</i> Honolulu: <a href="University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8248-2030-4</bdi> & <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8248-2030-5</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Louis-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Frédéric">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric</a> and Käthe Roth. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC"><i>Japan encyclopedia.</i></a> Cambridge: <a href="Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-01753-5</bdi>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition">OCLC 58053128</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Ponsonby-Fane" title="Richard Ponsonby-Fane">Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon</a>. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan"><i>The Imperial House of Japan.</i></a> Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887">OCLC 194887</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Sansom" title="George Sansom">Sansom, George Bailey</a>. (1958). <i>A History of Japan to 1334.</i> Stanford: <a href="Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8047-0523-2</bdi></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572518">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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